UTILITY BILL TRACKING: THE REPORT CARD FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY CONTRACTORS
The bridge lifts the downtown and Brady District over the hump psychologically, Ganzkow said, and the timing is perfect with all the new construction under way in the Brady Arts District.4) Please do not confuse Base Year with Baseline. Base Year is a time period, from which bills were used to determine the building’s energy usage patterns with respect to weather data, whereas Baseline, as will be described later, represents how much energy we would have used this month, based upon Base Year energy usage patterns, and current month conditions (i.e. weather and number of days in the bill).The original Boulder Avenue bridge was built in 1929, but was closed to traffic in 2001. It was demolished in 2009.Figure 1.10: Daily Usage Normalized to Production and Weather. The Baseline Equation is Shown at the Bottom of the Figure (http://www.abraxasenergy.com/alternative-energy-energy-consulting.html)The Fit Line Equation represents how your customer used energy during the Base Year, and would continue to use energy in the future (in response to changing weather conditions) assuming no significant changes occurred in building consumption patterns.The practice of normalizing energy bills to weather with energy software is catching on, with more and more energy managers, energy engineers, and contractors correcting their bills for weather because they want to be able to prove that they are actually saving energy from their efforts. This process has many names: weather correction, weather normalization, tuning to weather, tuning, or weather regression.For more technical information:http://defense.ge-ip.com/products/3589HDDi = [ TBP – ( Thi + Tlo ) / 2 ] x 1 Day+TBP = Balance Point Temperature,For more information:www.ge-ip.com/products/family/video-tracking-and-image-processing+ signifies that you can never have negative degree days. If the HDDi or CDDi calculation yields a negative number, then the result is 0 degree days for that day.HDDi = Heating Degree Days for one dayConstruction funding for the bridge comes from both the 2006 third-penny sales tax and the 2008 bond issue. SAIC Energy, Environment & Infrastructure LLC was the design engineering consultant for the project.More and more energy professionals are coming to understand the value of normalizing utility data for production in addition to (or instead of) weather. This works if you have a simple variable that quantifies your production. For example, a computer assembly plant can track the number of computers produced. If a factory manufactures several different products, for example, disk drives, desktop computers, and printers, it may be difficult to come up with a single variable that could be used to represent production for the entire plant (i.e. tons of product). However, since analysis is performed on a meter level rather than a plant level, if you have meters (or submeters) that serve just one production line, then you can normalize usage from one meter with the product produced from that production line.1) What are the alternatives? The most common might involve determining savings for each of the energy conservation activities using a spreadsheet, or perhaps even a building model. Both of these alternative strategies could require much additional work, as the alternative energy contractor likely has employed several strategies over his tenure. One other drawback of spreadsheets is that energy conservation strategies may interact with each other, so that total savings may not be the sum of the different strategies, and finally, spreadsheets are often projections of energy savings, not measurements.CONCLUSIONAbout GE Intelligent PlatformsNow, to get a fair estimate of energy savings, we compare:Thi = Daily High TemperatureIn general, daily degree days are the difference between the building’s balance point and the average outside temperature. To understand degree days, then, we first need to understand the concept of Balance Points.The new Boulder Avenue bridge project, which will span the downtown BNSF railroad tracks and link First Street to Archer Street, is a step toward revitalization and increased economic development in downtown Tulsa, Blue Dome developer Michael Sager said.He said the attitude of people has changed from "will that work?" to "why can't that work?"The bridge will be a vital transportation link, Sager said.CDDi = [ ( Thi + Tlo ) / 2 – TBP ] x 1 Day+Figure 1.5: Cooling Degree Days (http://www.abraxasenergy.com/alternative-energy-energy-software.html)Figure 1.8: kWh /day vs Average Outdoor Temperature (http://www.abraxasenergy.com/alternative-energy-utility-manager-software.html)Figure 1.6: Finding the relationship between usage and weather data. The blue dots represent the utility bills. The red line is the best fit line. (http://www.abraxasenergy.com/alternative-energy-energy-savings.html)Imagine showing a customer these results after they have invested hundreds of thousands of dollars in your system. It is hard to inspire confidence in your abilities with results like this.Figure 1.1: Expected Pre and Post-Retrofit usage for chilled water system retrofit. (http://www.abraxasenergy.com/alternative-energy-utility-bill-tracking.html)But what if, instead, the bills presented the disaster shown in Figure 1.2?Savings = 11,850 kWh9) If you think about it, you don’t have to treat this at the building level, but rather can view it at a meter level. (To simplify the presentation, we are speaking in terms of a building, as it is less abstract.) Some buildings have many meters, some of which may be associated with different central plants. In such a building, it is likely that the disparate central plants would have different balance points, as conditions associated with the different parts of the building may be different.Rather than compare last year’s usage to this year’s usage, when we use weather normalization, we compare how much energy we would have used this year to how much energy we did use this year. Many in our industry do not call the result of this comparison, “Savings”, but rather “Usage Avoidance” or “Cost Avoidance” (if comparing costs). But, since we are trying to keep this chapter at an introductory level, we will simply use the word Savings.Figure 1.10 presents normalized daily usage versus production for a widget factory. The baseline equation for this normalization is shown at the bottom of the figure. Notice that Units of Production (UPr) as well as Cooling Degree Days (CDD) are included in the equation, meaning that this normalization included weather data and production data.To find the balance point temperature of a building, graph the Usage/Day against Average Outdoor Temperature (of the billing period) as shown in Figure 1.7. Notice that Figure 1.7 presents two trends. One trend is flat, and the other trend slopes up and to the right. We have drawn red lines signifying the two trends in Figure 1.8. (Ignore the vertical red line for now.) The flat trend represents Non-Temperature Sensitive Consumption, which is electrical consumption that is not related to weather. In Figure 1.7, Non-Temperature Sensitive Consumption is roughly the same every month, about 2450 kWh per day. Examples of Non-Temperature Sensitive Consumption include lighting, computers, miscellaneous plug load, industrial equipment and well pumps. Any usage above the horizontal red line is called Temperature Sensitive Consumption, which represents electrical usage associated with the building’s cooling system. Notice that in Figure 1.8, the Temperature Sensitive Consumption only occurs at temperatures greater than 61�F. The intersection of the two trends is called the Balance Point, or Balance Point Temperature, which is 61�F in this example.To establish the relationship between usage and weather, we find the line that comes closest to all the bills. This line, the Best Fit Line, is found using statistical regression techniques available in canned utility bill tracking software and in spreadsheets.Figure 1.7: Determining the balance point using a kWh/day vs. Outdoor Temperature graph (http://www.abraxasenergy.com/alternative-energy-energy-savings.html)So, using our example, suppose this month’s bill was for 30,000 kWh:Savings = How much energy we would have used this year – This year’s usageWhen we normalize for weather, the same data results in Figure 1.4, and uses the equation:Suppose for a current month’s bill, there were 30 days and 100 CDD associated with the billing period.Baseline kWh = (5 kWh/Day * 30) + (417 kWh/CDD * 100)10) If you calculate degree days by hand, or using a spreadsheet, you would use the following formulae for your calculations. Of course, commercially available utility manager software that performs weather nomalization handles this automatically.3) Some energy professionals select 2 years of bills rather than one. Good reasons can be argued both for choosing one year or two years. Do not choose periods of time that are not in intervals of 12 months (for example, 15 months, or 8 months could lead to inaccuracy).Let’s recap what we have done:or if we change the terminology a bit:The Boulder bridge will have four lanes to accommodate both northbound and southbound traffic and will include an extra-wide sidewalk for pedestrian use. It also fits in the overall downtown master plan, designed with transit potential as a downtown trolley route, Bartlett said."This bridge will facilitate movement from that area all the way to the BOK Center," Ganzkow said.Figure 1.2: A disaster of a project? Comparison of Pre-Retrofit and Post-Retrofit data (http://www.abraxasenergy.com/alternative-energy-utility-bill-tracking.html)We found a Best Fit Line through the data. The Best Fit Line then represents the utility bills for the Base Year.Now that we have established our balance point temperature, we have all the information required to calculate Degree Days. If your graph resembles Figures 1.9, you will be using Heating Degree Days. If your graph resembles Figure 1.8, you will be using Cooling Degree Days.How is a solar energy contractor going to show savings from a solar electric system under these circumstances? A simple comparison of utility bills will not work, as the expected savings will get buried beneath the increased cooling load. The solution would be to somehow apply the same weather data to the pre- and post-installation bills. Then there would be no penalty for extreme weather. This is exactly what weather normalization does. To show savings from a retrofit (or good alternative energy practice), and to avoid our disastrous example, an alternative energy contractor should normalize the utility bills for weather, so that changes in weather conditions will not compromise the savings numbers.Ganzkow could not put a dollar amount on the economic development potential for the reconstructed bridge, but from a retail standpoint, he said it will be gravy to the merchants in the Brady District.Cooling Degree Days (CDD) are roughly proportional to the energy used for cooling a building, while Heating Degree Days, (HDD) are roughly proportional to the energy used for heating a building. Degree Days, although simply calculated, are quite useful in energy calculations. They are calculated for each day, and then are summed over some period of time (months, a year, etc.).(8)It can, but usually not to this extreme. The summer of 2005 was the hottest summer in a century of record-keeping in Detroit, Michigan. There were 18 days at 90�F or above, compared to the usual 12 days. In addition, the average temperature in Detroit was 74.8�F compared to the normal 71.4 �F. At first glance, 3 degrees doesn’t appear significant, however, if you convert the temperatures to cooling degree days(2), as shown in Figure 1.3, the results look dramatic. Just comparing the June through August period, there were 909 cooling degree days in 2005 as compared to 442 cooling degree days in 2004.Note to editors: this press release replaces “GE Announces Miniature Rugged Automated Tracker” originally distributed on June 9.Whether integrated in air-to-ground, ground-to-ground, ground-to-air or naval electro-optical systems, the improved algorithm at the heart of the ADEPT3000 provides effective detection and tracking of challenging objects in difficult environments. The ADEPT3000 supports standard definition analog video, and, once a target has been acquired, the resulting signal is passed to a sophisticated algorithm for track path analysis.We can view the same type of graph for heating usage in Figure 1.9. Notice that the major difference between the two graphs, is that the Temperature Sensitive trend slopes up and to the left (rather than up and the right). As the outdoor temperature drops, the building use more electricity to heat the building.Once you have the Baseline Equation, you can determine if you saved any energy.Local merchants like restaurant owner Elliot Nelson have been expanding, Ganzkow said.There are many reasons the system may not have delivered the expected savings. A possibility is that the project is delivering savings, but the summer after the installation was much hotter than the summer before the installation. Hotter summers translate into higher air conditioning loads, which could result in higher utility bills.In the past, before energy professionals used computers and utility manager software in their everyday tasks, degree day analysis was simplified by assuming balance points of 65�F for both heating and cooling. As a result, it was easy to publish and distribute degree days, since everyone calculated them using the same standard (that is, using 65�F as the balance point). It is more accurate, though, to recognize that every building has its own balance points, and to calculate degree days accordingly. Consequently, you are less likely to see degree days available, as more sophisticated analysis requires you to calculate your own degree days based upon your own building’s balance points.(10)More and more, alternative energy contractors want to prove to customers the savings they expect. Customers often want to know that they have saved the energy and costs they were originally promised. From the customers’ viewpoint, the simplest and most understandable proof of energy savings comes from a simple comparison of electricity bills. Did the system save on electricity costs or not?(1) In theory, a simple comparison of pre-installation bills to post-installation bills, and you will see if you have saved.A high resolution image to illustrate this release can be found at:www.genewscenter.com/imagelibrary/detail.asp?MediaDetailsID=3886where Baseline Energy Usage is calculated by the Baseline Equation, using current month’s weather and number of days, and Actual Energy Usage is the current month’s bill. Both equations immediately preceding are the same, as Baseline = “How much energy we would have used this year”, and Actual represents “How much energy we did use this year.”Once we have this equation, we are done with this regression process.Building the bridge between the downtown core and the historic Brady Arts District is the latest infrastructure improvement for the area, Bartlett said.Where:--Our example may appear a bit exaggerated, but it begs the question: Could weather really have such an impact on savings numbers?If the weather really was the cause of the higher usage, then how could you ever use utility bills to measure savings from solar energy projects? Your savings numbers would be at the mercy of the weather. Savings numbers would be of no value at all (unless the weather was the same year after year).This Best Fit Line has an equation, which we call the Fit Line Equation, or in this case the Baseline Equation.(7) The Fit Line Equation from Figure 1.6 might be:Weather varies from year to year. As a result, it becomes difficult to know whether the change in your utility bills is due to fluctuations in weather, or due to your alternative energy system, or both. If you wish to use utility bills to determine energy savings from your alternative energy system with any degree of accuracy, it is vital that you remove the variability of weather from your energy savings equation. This is done using the weather normalization techniques described in this paper. You may adjust your usage for other variables as well, such as occupancy or production.Savings = How much energy we would have used this year – How much energy we did use this yearBuildings have their own set of Balance Points for heating and for cooling – and they may not be the same. The Heating Balance Point can be defined as the outdoor temperature at which the building starts to heat. In other words, when the outdoor temperature drops below the Heating Balance Point, the building’s heating system kicks in. Conversely, when the outdoor temperature rises above the Cooling Balance Point, the building starts to cool.(9) A building’s balance point is determined by nearly everything associated with it, since nearly every component associated with a building has some effect on the heating of the building: building envelope construction (insulation values, shading, windows, etc.), temperature set points, thermostat set back schedules if any, the amount of heat producing equipment (and people) in the building, lighting intensity, ventilation, HVAC system type, HVAC system schedule, lighting and miscellaneous equipment schedules, among other factors.The ADEPT3000 is small (34mm x 24mm – approximately the size of a microprocessor), light weight (around six grams) and consumes minimal power (~1 watt). It is designed to complement the more powerful but less compact ADEPT5000 multi-target video tracker.Baseline kWh = 41,850 kWhCDDi = Heating Degree Days for one dayHDD = ΣHDDiSavings = Baseline Energy Usage – Actual Energy UsageSchool districts, colleges, and universities often normalize for the school calendar. Real estate concerns, hotels and prisons normalize for occupancy. Essentially any variable can be used for normalization, as long as it is an accurate, consistent predictor of energy usage patterns. Again, these normalizations can be performed by specialized utility bill tracking software, or using spreadsheets.Figure 1.3: Cooling Degree Days in Detroit, Michigan for 2004 and 2005 (http://www.abraxasenergy.com/alternative-energy-energy-software.html)Landscaping will include Boston ivy, holly and roses at the approach ends of the bridge near the outside retaining walls. Art students from Tulsa Technology Center have designed artwork for the bridge fencing that represents Tulsa's history and culture through to the future.We graphed normalized Base Year utility data versus normalized weather data.GE Intelligent Platforms is an experienced high-performance technology company and a global provider of software, hardware, services, and expertise in automation and embedded computing. We offer a unique foundation of agile and reliable technology providing customers a sustainable competitive advantage in the industries they serve, including energy, oil & gas water, consumer packaged goods, government & defense, and telecommunications. GE Intelligent Platforms is headquartered in Charlottesville, VA. For more information, visit www.ge-ip.com.NORMALIZING FOR OTHER VARIABLESSuppose a solar energy contractor installed a new solar electric system for a building. One likely would expect to see energy and cost savings from this retrofit. Figure 1.1 presents results our alternative energy contractor might expect.Take a look back to Figure 1.3, where you may have noticed that there are more than twice as many Cooling Degree Days (CDD) in August 2005 than in August 2004. Because Cooling Degree Days are roughly proportional to a building’s cooling energy usage, one could rightly assume that the cooling requirements of the building would be roughly double as well.Baseline kWh = (5 kWh/Day * #Days) + (417 kWh/CDD * #CDD)Notice also that, in Figure 1.8, as the outdoor temperature increases, consumption increases. As it gets hotter outside, the building uses more energy, thus the meter is used for cooling, but not heating. The Balance Point Temperature we found is the Cooling Balance Point Temperature (not the Heating Balance Point Temperature).Mayor Dewey Bartlett and representatives from the Brady Arts District Owners Association, Downtown Coordinating Council and the Tulsa Metro Chamber made the announcement on Wednesday.Savings = Last year’s usage – This year’s usageHeating and Cooling Degree Days can be summed, respectively, over several days, a month, a billing period, a year, or any interval greater than a day. For a billing period (or any period greater than a day),"The Boulder bridge is absolutely vital to the continued linkage of the Brady District, the Blue Dome and the downtown corridor, the BOK Center and Oneok Field," Sager said. "You have to have a way to drive around in a circle going from Archer Street, across the bridge back into downtown and back up Detroit Avenue the other way."The Best Fit Line Equation represents the Best Fit Line, which in turn represents the Base Year of utility data.The next question is, how do we figure out how much energy we would have used this year? That is where weather normalization comes in.CDD = ΣCDDiHotter Summer >> Higher Air Conditioning Load >> Higher Summer Utility BillsThen we calculate degree days for the Base Year billing periods. Because this example is only concerned with cooling, we need only gather Cooling Degree Days (not Heating Degree Days). A section on calculating Degree Days follows later in the chapter. For now, recognize only that Cooling Degree Days need to be gathered at this step.(5) Figure 1.5 presents Cooling Degree Days over two years.
Take a look back to Figure 1.3, where you may have noticed that there are more than twice as many Cooling Degree Days (CDD) in August 2005 than in August 2004. Because Cooling Degree Days are roughly proportional to a building’s cooling energy usage, one could rightly assume that the cooling requirements of the building would be roughly double as well.
Author: John Avina
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